What is true about environmental threats in the TEM model?

In the Threat and Error Management (TEM) model, environmental threats encompass various elements that can impact the safety and performance of aviation operations. Option C states that these threats must be managed by flight crews in real time, regardless of their origin. This is accurate because environmental threats can emerge suddenly and from diverse sources, such as changing weather conditions, air traffic, or other operational factors. Flight crews must continuously assess these situations and respond appropriately to ensure safe flight operations.

The essence of real-time management is crucial in aviation safety, as many environmental threats are dynamic and can change rapidly. Therefore, it is the responsibility of the crew to maintain situational awareness, recognize potential threats, and implement strategies to mitigate their impact during flight. This aspect of the TEM model underscores the importance of active engagement and decision-making by flight crews in managing the challenges posed by their operational environment.

In contrast to the correct answer, the other options present perspectives that are not entirely aligned with the TEM framework. For example, suggesting that environmental threats are usually latent in nature implies that they are often hidden or not immediately apparent, which doesn't reflect the immediate and dynamic nature of many operational environments that require real-time monitoring. Additionally, the idea that aviation organizations can fully control these threats overlooks