How does surface friction affect wind direction relative to isobars?

The influence of surface friction on wind direction is pivotal in understanding atmospheric dynamics. When winds blow across the Earth's surface, they encounter friction due to varying terrain, vegetation, and urban structures. This friction slows the wind down, which alters its direction.

In the absence of significant surface friction, winds tend to blow parallel to isobars, driven primarily by pressure gradients and the Coriolis effect. However, when friction is introduced, it decreases the wind speed, which in turn reduces the Coriolis effect's influence. As a result, the winds begin to flow at an angle across the isobars toward areas of lower pressure. This angle is typically around 30 degrees, depending on the strength of the friction and the pressure gradient.

Understanding this principle is crucial for meteorological predictions and for pilots who need to anticipate weather patterns based on wind behavior. Thus, surface friction plays a significant role in the wind's trajectory relative to isobars, leading to the correct conclusion that winds flow at an angle across isobars due to the effects of surface friction.